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非暴力溝通 – CHILL LAB 超正常研究室

CHILL LAB 超正常研究室

非暴力溝通

非暴力溝通

01/06/2020 | 專欄分享, Recruit, 給正能量

日常生活裡,我們看到許多人相處溝通劍拔弩張,話是說了,卻沒有效果,甚至令事情發展更差、雙方情緒及關係也更糟糕。今期想向大家介紹「非暴力溝通」,以促進與別人及與自己的關係。

非暴力溝通(Nonviolent Communication, 簡稱 NVC)是由美國心理學家 Marshall B. Rosenberg 創立的溝通模式,目的是增進人際及對自己的愛,改善溝通、言語暴力及欺凌,紓解自我傷痛。大家或覺「暴力溝通」很誇張,並以為自己很少使用,其實,它指的是對他人或自己過度批評和判斷,扭曲溝通,甚至傷害自己或他人。誤用「暴力溝通」,往往因我們的需求得不到滿足,為爭取所需,可能自然反射,不理性地宣洩情緒,說出以下 4 類型的話:

輕易作出道德批判,例如:「你份人成世都咁懶。」

比較,例如:「人哋兩下手就搞掂,你仲喺度磨。」

迴避責任,例如:「老細叫我做,我冇得唔做。」

強人所難,例如:「你交得少家用,就係冇孝道。」

NVC 只有簡單 4 個溝通步驟,強調客觀及誠實地接受對方與自己。4 個步驟是說出你的觀察、感受、 需要、請求。

第一步:觀察

開始表達時,如實說出你觀察到對方在特定時間及場所的表現,而非「評論」。像埋怨同事遲交報 告,可說:「你近兩次提交報告,都是限期過了兩天才完成。」而非慣性地說:「你永遠趕唔到 deadline!」因這樣只會引起對方抗拒及反擊。

第二步:感受

說出客觀觀察後,如實表達自身感受,也嘗試體會對方感受,並展現同理心,例如:「當我們逾期交 報告給上層時,我感到很緊張。」特別提醒大家,要分清楚感受是情緒,像焦慮、難過等,而「我 覺得你做錯了」這樣的話雖加了「我覺得」三字,但並非表達感受,其實是給了意見。千萬別混淆!

第三步:需要

人都有生理、愛、尊重、安全感等的需要。所以體會雙方感受後,嘗試說出感受背後的「需要」,肯 定彼此需求。過往我們也許會向人說:「你那麼吵,煩死我喇!」,當我們明白自身需要時,NVC 會 建議說:「你大聲說話時,我感到焦躁,我需要安靜的環境工作。」

第四步:請求

經過觀察、體會感受、肯定需要後,我們可提出明確的請求。例如,希望對方能重視我的需要,準時交報告。同時,也可能要滿足對方一些需求,像協助對方撰寫部分環節。要留意,請求並非指令,表達時也要尊重對方的選擇。

撰文:香港心理衞生會註冊社工 曾媚女士

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